# Node-Link Diagrams

Node-Link diagrams use **nodes** (points/symbols) to denote objects and **links/edges** (lines) to represent relationships.

## Force-Directed Layout

Nodes are arranged according to the **attraction** and **repulsion** forces between the nodes.

The main **goal** is to visualize the *structure* of the network.

### Steps

1. Nodes are first initialized in random positions
2. For each node, the sum of the forces acting on the node are calculated; this value gives the direction and intensity for moving the node
3. Nodes are moved accordingly
4. 2 and 3 are repeated iteratively until a stable positioning is found

![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VM3w0hXsavKwkAH%2Fforce-directed.png?generation=1586990834757142\&alt=media)

Various attributes can be encoded in nodes and links:

* **Color** and **Shape** can be used to encode categorical information in the nodes
* **Size** can be used to encode quantitative attributes in the nodes
* **Edge Thickness** can be used to encode quantitative information in the links/edges
* **Patterns** can be used to encode categorical information in the links/edges
* **Color** and **Arrows** can be used to encode direction of the edges

## Fixed Layout

In a fixed layout, the positions of the nodes remain fixed from the beginning, according to certain criteria.

There are 3 types of fixed layouts:

* **Circular** (shown below)
  * Nodes are arranged in a circular fashion, and are equidistant
  * This is the most common fixed layout
* **Linear**

  Nodes are arranged along a line, and are equidistant
* **Grid**

  Nodes are arranged in a grid

![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VM5TlZj-iAHAisa%2Ffixed-circular.png?generation=1586990826580682\&alt=media)

### Why Use a Fixed Layout?

The Force-Directed Layout, as discussed earlier, is used when the structure of the network is to be visualized. The Fixed layout is used because of the following reasons:

* **Visibility**
  * Since the nodes are arranged at fixed positions, they are always visible. So are the links
  * This also means that the properties of the nodes and links are clearly visible
  * This is not the case in force-directed layouts, where some nodes may be more visible than others
  * A fixed layout also makes it easier to spot large and small nodes and to determine which nodes are well-connected or poorly-connected to other nodes (degree)
* **Grouping into Categories**
  * A fixed layout allows the grouping of nodes into meaningful/useful categories
  * This allows us to visualize not just the connections between nodes, but also the relationships between different categories

    ![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VMNvj2FUaBG_aJu%2Fgrouping.png?generation=1586990826527806\&alt=media)

### Edge Bundling

When we have too many edges that cross over each other and create clutter, we use the concept of **edge bundling**. This refers to the bundling together of edges that flow in a similar direction, with the hope of reducing clutter and being able to clearly represent the properties of the edges.

![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VMPlzP6MQnJEEex%2Fedge_bundling.png?generation=1586990826632434\&alt=media)

Instead of connecting nodes using a straight line, the line follows a path that is designed by some structure that connects the nodes together. This is denoted using a **spline** curve.

![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VMRNUwKHhwrr0kM%2Fedge_bundling_steps.png?generation=1586990826907555\&alt=media)The points used to create the spline are called **control points**.

### Spatial Fixed Layout

This is used when the fixed layout is actually a map, or some other representation of space. The nodes represent fixed spatial locations.

A typical example is a **migration map**.

![](https://612062878-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-legacy-files/o/assets%2F-M5-0RG_uqhxyMNjpMUW%2F-M5-0SvQ45Rarxg8L2lA%2F-M5-0VMT1F0twQlVRB5B%2Fspatial%20fixed%20layout.png?generation=1586990832603328\&alt=media)


---

# Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation

If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter:

```
GET https://vikram-bajaj.gitbook.io/cs-gy-6313-information-visualization/networks-and-trees/visualizing-network-data/node-link-diagrams.md?ask=<question>
```

The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.

Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.