# DBMS History

## 1950s and early 1960s

* Data processing was using magnetic tapes for storage. However, tapes provide only sequential access
* Punched cards were used for input

## Late 1960s and 1970s

* Hard disks started being used and they allowed direct access to data
* Network and hierarchical data models were in widespread use
* Edward Codd defined the relational data model and later won the ACM Turing Award for this work
* IBM Research begun the System R prototype and UC Berkeley begun Ingres prototype
* High-performance transaction processing was introduced

## 1980s

* Research relational prototypes evolved into commercial systems
* SQL became industrial standard
* Parallel and distributed database systems were used
* Object-oriented database systems were introduced

## 1990s

* Large decision support and data-mining applications were developed along with large multi-terabyte data warehouses
* The emergence of web commerce and web search engines led to the development of data storage structures and database systems to support web search data

## Early 2000s

* XML and XQuery became standards
* Automated database administration was introduced

## Late 2000s

* Giant data storage systems were introduced, such as BigTable (Google), Hbase (Apache), PNuts (Yahoo!), Dynamo (Amazon), Cassandra (Facebook), Voldemort (LinkedIn)
* Distributed processing frameworks like MapReduce (Hadoop), Pig (Yahoo!), Dryad (MSFT), etc were introduced